1 Jahn brought gymnastic training out of the school classroom, contributed important new techniques and apparatus to the field, and used the discipline of training and the panoply of ritual to instill his gymnasts with a sense of national duty and solidarity. Originating in the Enlightenment with the experiments of educational reformers intent on reviving the Greek ideal of kalokagathia, which the Roman poet Juvenal had summarized as “mens sana in corpore sano,” gymnastics achieved widespread recognition and popularity after Friedrich Ludwig Jahn turned it into a vehicle of romantic German nationalism with the Turnverein movement. By the time the first Sokol club was founded in Prague in 1862, European gymnastics was an established system that had evolved through a century of innovation and discovery.
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